SEJARAH LAHIRNYA ALIRAN NAHWU BASRAH DAN KUFAH: AKAR PEMIKIRAN DAN PERKEMBANGANNYA

Abstract

This research aims to examine in depth the history of the birth of two major schools of Arabic nahwu science, namely Basrah and Kufah, by tracing the roots of thought, socio-historical context, and epistemological development. The phenomenon of the birth of these two schools reflects the dialectic between rationalism and empiricism in the classical Islamic scientific tradition. This research uses a descriptive-historical qualitative approach with library research techniques, through analysis of classical texts such as Al-Kitāb by Sibawaih and Ma'ānī al-Qur'ān by Al-Farrā', as well as open-access modern literature from linguistic and Arabic language education databases. Data were analyzed using Miles and Huberman's interactive model with source and theory triangulation to maintain the validity of the results. Research findings show that the Basrah school is oriented towards rationality and prescriptivism with the dominance of the qiyas method, while the Kufah school empirically oriented and descriptive with a sima‘ī approach. Both are rooted in different social and ideological contexts, but complement each other in forming the scientific structure of Arabic nahwu. Therefore, this research recommends an integrative nahwu teaching model that combines the strengths of logical and empirical analysis, so that Arabic language learning can be more communicative, reflective, and relevant to the needs of the times